Parent training gender norm during through youth age Research Paper

Parent training gender norm during through youth age - Research Paper Example Gender norms are the creation of society as a whole, with the unconscious notions of normal behaviors for the genders begun through the influence of a child’s parental role models. Gender norms begin through the actions of parents to the children. Reactions define how the child will see themselves as either a boy or a girl. Through the purchase of toys, the tone of speech, and even their own role modeling, parents insert their ideas about gender norms into the behaviors of their children. Newman and Newman (2012) discuss the complexity of influences that parents have on their children concerning norms. They state that â€Å"the experience to which they expose them (their children), and the activities in which they encourage their children’s participation all reflect dimensions of the parents’ gender role standards† (Newman & Newman, 2012, p. 245). When children get to school age they have had discipline for gender inappropriate behavior and encouraged to adopt the social standards of behavior that are expected. Gender is an issue of social construction. Although there are many debates on how children are socialized to enact their gender, whether it is biological or strictly psychological, the development of social roles for the genders as a topic has shown that men and women are taught to act different than each other in society. Gender roles are developed through the creation of norms, behaviors, and beliefs about the abilities of a gender to act within society. Social expectations tend to refine those beliefs so that roles can be filled (Munez, 2013). Acculturation occurs within a family where examples and teaching provide young males and females with information about how their gender identifies them within a community. Through the continuation of these beliefs throughout a community, gender norms are created. The use of gender norms as a way in which to calculate behaviors provides the researcher with a

Adult nursing scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Adult nursing scenario - Essay Example Mrs. Taylor, 68 is admitted with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) She is breathless and anxious.She has limited mobility due to a painful left hip.Using the Reflective Cycle of G. Gibbs (1988) I will reflect on the learning and developmental needs identified in the scenario described. The six 'stopping points' provide a helpful personal insight and are followed, in order, throughout this essay.Description: When Mrs. Taylor was admitted in the condition earlier described, I was working with a senior colleague, a ward sister experienced in adult nursing. The patient was in pain, greatly distressed and with some cyanosis.She had been handling her condition at home with the help of oxygen and drug therapy, so her present state indicated that some triggers must have exacerbated the condition.These could be bronchitis, pneumonia, allergy or too many cigarettes.Feelings: I felt a sense of urgency and the need to get medication started to alleviate the symptoms. I fe lt concern for her physical well-being and some frustration that it could be helped 'at once.'When I observed how sister spoke softly and reassuringly to Mrs. Taylor, touching her hand and smoothing her forehead, I felt slightly ashamed.At sister's suggestion, Mrs.Taylor breathed more slowly and her anxiety diminished. I then sat with her, asking how she was feeling, really listening carefully to her responses.I thought how much more difficult this would be with a child or mentally disabled adult,recognising the need for a more psychological approach... These could be bronchitis, pneumonia, allergy or too many cigarettes. NICE Guideline (2004) conclude ' The disease is predominantly caused by smoking and nearly all sufferers are over 35.' 2. The painful left hip was another major cause for concern. We got her settled in bed, nebuliser mask on and bed head raised, promising pain relief for the hip. Feelings: I felt a sense of urgency and the need to get medication started to alleviate the symptoms. I felt concern for her physical well-being and some frustration that it could be helped 'at once.' When I observed how sister spoke softly and reassuringly to Mrs. Taylor, touching her hand and smoothing her forehead, I felt slightly ashamed. At sister's suggestion, Mrs. Taylor breathed more slowly and her anxiety diminished. I then sat with her, asking how she was feeling, really listening carefully to her responses. 'Attending is the act of really focusing on the person who needs help. We need to make ourselves deliberately aware of what the other person is saying and of what he or she is trying to tell us.' Morrison and Burnard (1991) I thought how much more difficult this would be with a child or mentally disabled adult, recognising the need for a more psychological approach, more reassurances and a 'person-focused' nursing style. Adults like Mrs. Taylor appear more able to contribute to their own improvement, being both knowledgeable and aware. I thought that no matter which nursing domain I was involved in, I would recognise that the same requirements of reassurance, administration of medication and accurate record keeping would apply. I would also adhere to the principles of respect for any cultural or social background.

Palliative Care Clinical Experience

Palliative Care Clinical Experience Introduction The purpose of this assignment is to reflect on a clinical experience in palliative care and demonstrate the knowledge and skills associated with this. The symptoms, symptom management and government guidelines and standards will also be discussed in relation to how this will impact the care of the patients who are experiencing life threatening illnesses. This will be achieved through using Gibbs (1988) model of reflection. I chose this model of reflection because it is clear and cyclical model which allows the reflector to revisit the same problem and also to examine my practice which will help me to develop and improve in the future. Description As an adult nursing student, I will be reflecting on an experience with a patient who was receiving palliative care that I encountered during my community placement. The patient received palliative care and required management of symptoms to help maintain their quality of life for the patient and their family. This involved a patient, who will be named Mr. Jones for confidentiality reasons. Mr. Jones was an elderly patient who had been diagnosed with bowel cancer along with liver metastases, the cancer was in the advanced stages. Mr. Jones was being cared for at home by his wife and carers who visited him at home twice a day to help with getting him up, washing and dressing and helping him back to bed. The district nursing team also visited him on a regular basis. When meeting with the patient his main concern was his pain control and available options which he would be able to receive to manage this. Feelings Initially when I heard about the diagnosis I was intrigued and wanted to find out more about the patient and their condition. When I met the patient I felt sympathetic towards him and the family and upon discussion he revealed that he felt like giving up and ending it all. A mixture of thoughts entered my mind, although I could understand why he would want to give up, the only reason was because he was worried about the pain he was starting to experience. When the nurse and I discussed the pain control options he appeared to be more positive about the situation and apologized for what he had said. On reflection it was a positive experience as it allowed me to see how people cope differently with terminal conditions, and the impact it has on the family and carers Evaluation During this experience I thought that the nursing team had built a good professional relationship with the patient and their family. The patient had plenty of time to discuss any concerns or issues that he had .The issues discussed such as symptom management were all assessed and prioritized well; how the patient is feeling is important and needs to be taken into consideration. This would also need to be discussed with his wife alone, to find out how she is feeling and to offer her support. When discussed further, the feelings of giving up related to his pain management. This is why the Visual Analogue Scale was used for a couple of weeks to monitor the progression of his pain (Crichton 2001). I found the tool to be beneficial for effective management of pain because it was a good indicator as to when we would need to adjust his analgesia using the World Health Organization (WHO) analgesic ladder (WHO, 2004). This aims to give the correct drug, correct dose, given at the correct time and proves to be inexpensive and 80-90% effective (WHO, 2004). This ensured the patient was in the least amount of pain which enabled them to carry on with activities of daily living. Analysis The World Health Organization (2009) has defined palliative care as: an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems such as physical, psychosocial and spiritual.Caring for those receiving palliative care in the community during the end stages of life requires an extraordinary commitment from the nursing team, not only human resource but also competence, compassion and focus in anticipating the needs of the patient and family. It is a complex activity involving a holistic approach, building relationships together with expert professional skills and decision making processes (Melvin 2003). As well as pain, other common symptoms during advanced cancer are nausea and vomiting, with rates ranging from 50-60% (Kearney and Richardson, 2006). It is important to treat the reversible causes of nausea and vomiting before resorting to antiemetics. This can be achieved by appropriate assessment and documentation of symptoms which evaluate the effect of treatment given and can be completed and reviewed quickly to utilize less patient energy and nursing time (Kearney and Richardson, 2006). Cancer patients also experience psychological or affective symptoms of fatigue which include lack of energy and motivation, depression, sadness and anxiety, the sense of willpower and fighting spirit is often lacking and personal resources that have usually kept a person going in the past are ineffective (Juenger, 2002). Fatigue can take away the ability to do things that the patient and family want to do or need to do. The control over life events reduces, further affecting the persons quality of life. An essential part of nursing care for fatigue includes returning some of that control (Porock 2003). Giving information can be a positive way to do this. Nu rses can explain that the person is not alone in the experience as fatigue is an expected occurrence in advanced cancer and discuss the causes of fatigue, effects and side effects of treatment and the impact of stress and depression, this will help the patient to manage the fatigue more effectively (Porock 2003).Mr. Jones was prescribed oral slow-release Morphine Sulphate for his pain, however he was beginning to experience break through pain, nausea and vomiting which was making it difficult for him to take his morphine. We suggested he kept a record of his pain over a couple of weeks using a visual analogue scale (VAS). When we visited him again we were able to use the VAS to assess his pain and make changes to analgesia as appropriate using the analgesic ladder (see appendix). From the assessment it was appropriate to increase his analgesia to step 3 of the analgesic ladder (WHO, 2004). A syringe driver was prescribed to administer morphine and an antiemetic over a 24 hour period which could be increased or decreased as required. Providing drug compatibilities have been checked, a combination of three drugs can usually be administered safely with the advantage that vomiting will not affect absorption, as it is given subcutaneously and the gut is not involved (Thompson, 2004). Although using a syringe driver improves symptom management with minimal inconvenience, complications can arise and nurses should be able to recognize these quickly and solve the problems efficiently (Lugton, 2002). The disadvantages of using this equipment is the painful injection site, infection risks and infusion rate problems (Thompson, 2004). Mr. Jones commented on giving up and after further discussion, we found this related to his pain. Evidence shows that there is a link between chronic pain and depression as they share similar physiological pathways, whilst social and psychological factors appear to affect the severity of it and when they co-exist the severity of both conditions appears to worsen (Gray, 2001). Ineffective management of psychiatric disorders can be caused by failure to recognize, diagnose and treat appropriately in palliative care settings with 50% of psychiatric disorders being undetected (Payne et al, 2007). Patients with cancer should have access to appropriate psychological support and should be assessed regularly by trained professionals as recommended by National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2004).Many people may wish to try complementary and alternative medicines to improve symptoms of their cancer, the reason being many feel dissatisfied with conventional medicine and feel the desir e to experience holistic health care for symptomatic relief with a sense of well being (Nayak et al 2003). Auricular acupuncture (acupuncture to the ear), therapeutic touch, and hypnosis may help to manage cancer pain, whilst music therapy, massage, and hypnosis may have an effect on anxiety, and both acupuncture and massage may have a therapeutic role in cancer fatigue (Mansky and Wallerstedt 2006). However there is a lack of evidence to support that complementary and alternative medicine treatments are effective, the risks associated with them are unknown and can potentially be harmful. There has been increasing concern with the use of botanicals and dietary supplements by cancer patients because of the potential interaction between them and prescription drugs (Mansky and Wallerstedt 2006). During this experience, I realised just how important communication is, not only in this situation, but any situation that includes the patient, relatives, carers and multi-disciplinary team. C ommunication is an essential part of good nursing practice and forms the basis for building a trusting relationship that will greatly improve care and help to reduce anxiety and stress for patients, their relatives and carers (NMC 2008). Groogan (1999) acknowledges that communication is not something that people to do one another, but it is a process in which they can create a relationship by interacting with each other. From Mr. Jones perspective, patient-focused communication can be the most important aspect of treatment, due to its capacity to exacerbate or relieve the fear that often accompanies cancer, with evidence of effective communication resulting in decreased anxiety, greater coping ability and adherence to treatment (Dickson 1999). Communication can be divided into three types; cognitive, emotional and spiritual. Cognitive communication involves the giving and receiving of information, emotional communication involves the feeling and expression of psychological responses and spiritual communication involves the expression and feeling of thoughts relating to existing issues beyond the person (Fallowfield Jenkins 1999). When speaking with Mr. Jones and his family the language used was clear and easy to understand. Stress, emotions and fatigue that accompany a terminal illness make it necessary for the information to be repeated to ensure the patient and family have absorbed it and feel reassured (Latimer 2000).Mr. Jones was given enough time to discuss his concerns and issues without feeling like he had a limited period or that the nurses had many other patients to see, however, what often matters is the quality of interaction rather than the length of time. Giving a few moments of time which are totally focused on the patients communication needs can often limit the amount of time spent communicating later when further explanation or clarification is needed (Faull et al, 2005). Mallet and Dougherty (2000) suggested that patients tend to be more dis satisfied with poor communication than with any other aspect of their care and concluded ineffective communication continues to be a major issue in health care.The Department of Health has produced the End of Life Care Strategy (DoH 2008) which promotes high quality care for all adults at the end of life which is the first for the United Kingdom and covers adults in England. Its aim is to provide people approaching the end of life with more choice about where they would like to live and die. In addition, the Macmillan Gold Standards Framework (2003) is another way of combining many different practices. The framework includes 7 Gold Standards which relate to key aspects of care, and guidelines for best practice on teamwork and continuity of care, advanced planning, symptom control and support for patients and their carers. Primary Health Care Teams who join the programme are guided and supported through a combination of workshops, resource materials and networking (Macmillan Cancer R elief 2003). In place is also the NICE clinical guidance on supportive and palliative care (NICE 2004) which advises those who develop and deliver cancer services for adults with cancer about what is needed to make sure that patients, their families and carers, are well informed, cared for and supported. These initiatives had a positive impact on Mr. Jones as the nurses were able to use these guidelines to offer Mr. Jones the best care suited for him and he was then able to make informed decisions regarding the care he would like to receive. These initiatives also have a positive impact on health care professionals as they are supported and encouraged to improve their knowledge through workshops and resource materials. Action Plan/Conclusion My reflection of this experience has taught me how complex it is caring for someone receiving palliative care. It requires a holistic approach to ensure the patient and the family receive the best possible care in accordance with the guidelines and standards, in which they must remain empowered and make informed choices regarding their care and treatment with the help of health care professionals. I now understand how complicated symptom management can be; cancer patients experience many symptoms from their condition and also side effects from their medication. Assessments are vital to ensure the appropriate treatment and management of symptoms. The importance of communication has been brought to my attention once again, in my future nursing practice I will focus on my communication skills as this is an essential part of good nursing practice and plays a vital role in palliative care. Although this was an upsetting experience it has also been a positive one as this will affect my fut ure nursing practice a great deal as I have gained vital skills to look after those receiving palliative care and I am now aware of the various strategies and frameworks in place to ensure patients and families receive a high standard of care.

My Mom, a True Hero Essay -- Personal Narrative

My Mom, a True Hero You may not realize it, but you may already be someone’s role model, someone’s hero. It’s such an amazing concept. Stop and think for just a moment about those around you. This ability to influence others is extraordinary and yet it can be so easily misused. Mothers and fathers, sisters and brothers, anyone can be a hero. Young or old, male or female, heroism has no prerequisites. Heroism amounts to more than just saying and believing in certain ideas. It is only through action that heroes emerge. I say this as a means to understanding the true traits of a hero. While there are those who preach of wonderful things, it is the hero who goes out and accomplishes the extraordinary. Firefighters are heroes. Police officers are heroes. Every time firemen storm into a burning building, they risk their lives to save others. Every time police officers go to work, they fear the might not be coming home that night. Their willingness to risk their own safety an d sacrifice their own well-being to protect others is a true example of what heroism is all about. However, these aren’t the only heroes in our world. There are many heroes that often go unrecognized for their wonderful actions. I know a hero. Her name is Linda Gomez. I have known Ms. Gomez for as long as I can remember. It was so long ago that we were first introduced that I cannot imagine life without her. What makes this woman a hero is the ability she has shown to overcome all obstacles. It was not until 1999 that I began to understand just how special this woman truly is. After going through a messy divorce from her husband, it was the court’s decree that the children of the marriage be sent to live with their father. Unfortunate... ...ssist with the son’s college funding and has forced Ms. Gomez to produce the entire amount on her own. Because of the existence of the three other children, this is extremely difficult for her. Never once though has she complained or been unable to provide him with the money. In her I see a true hero willing to do anything to take care of her children. This parent’s love for her children is so deep that nothing could destroy it. She is a mother so loving of her children that her own wants and her own wishes are merely afterthoughts. To know a hero is to be truly blessed. Twenty years of life has shown me that Ms. Gomez is indeed a hero. She has sacrificed so much of herself and has the characteristics of a true hero. She is extremely giving, absolutely selfless and willing to lend a hand in any possible situation. I’m so grateful that I can call her mom.

A Case Study of Wegmans Food Markets Essay

Wegmans Food Markets, Inc., is one of the premier grocery chains in the United States. Headquartered in Rochester, NY, Wegmans operates over 70 stores. The company employs over 23,000 people, and has annual sales of over Rs. 2.0 billion. Wegmans has a strong reputation for offering its customers high product quality and excellent service. Through a combination of market research, trial and error, and listening to its customers, Wegmans has evolved into a very successful organization. In fact, Wegmans is so good at what it does that grocery chains all over the country send representatives to Wegmans for a firsthand look at operations. Many of the company’s stores are giant 100,000 square foot superstores, double or triple the size of average supermarkets. A superstore typically employs from 500 to 600 people. Individual stores differ somewhat in terms of actual size and some special features. Aside from the features normally found in supermarkets, they generally have a large bakery Section (each store bakes its own bread, rolls, cakes, pies, and pastries), and extra-large produce sections. They also offer film processing a complete pharmacy, a card shop and video rentals. In-store floral shops range in size up to 800 square feet of space, and offer a wide variety of fresh-cut flowers, flower arrangements, varies and plants. In-store card shops covers over 1000 square feet of floor of floor space. The bulk foods department provides customers with the opportunity to select what quantities they desire from a vast array of foodstuffs and some nonfood items. Each store is a little different. Among the special features in some stores are a dry cleaning department, a wokery, and a salad bar. Some feature a Market Cafe that has different food stations, each devoted to preparing and serving a certain type of food. For example, one station has pizza and other Italian specialties, and another oriental food. There are also being a sandwich bar, a salad bar and a dessert station. Customers often wander among stations as they decide what to order. In several affluent locations, customers can stop in on their way home from work and choose from a selection of freshly prepared dinner entrees. Some stores have a coffee shop section with tables and chairs where shoppers can enjoy regular or specialty coffees and variety o f tempting pastries. The company prides itself on fresh produce. Produce is replenished as often as 12 times a day. The larger stores have produce sections that are four to five times the size of a produce section of an average supermarket. Wegmans offers locally grown produce a season. Wegmans uses a ’farm to market’ system whereby some local growers deliver their produce directly to individual stores, bypassing the main warehouse. That reduces the company’s inventory holding costs and gets the produce into the stores as quickly as possible. Growers may use specially designed containers that go right onto the store floor instead of large bins. This avoids the bruising that often occurs when fruits and vegetables are transferred from bins to display shelves and the need to devote labor to transfer the produce to shelves. In addition to large display cases of both fresh and frozen meat products, many stores have a full-service butcher shop that offers a variety of fresh meat products and where butchers are available to provide customized cuts of meat for customers. Each department handles its own ordering. Although sales records are available from records of items scanned at the checkouts, they are not used directly for replenishing stock. Other factors, such as pricing, special promotions, local circumstances must all be taken into account. However, for seasonal periods, such as holidays, managers often check scanner records to learn what past demand was during a comparable period. The superstores typically receive one truckload of goods per day from the main warehouse.During peak periods, a store may receive two truckloads from the main warehouse. The short lead-time greatly reduce the length of the time an item might be out of stock, unless the main warehouse is also out of stock. The company exercises strict control over suppliers, insisting on product quality and on-time deliveries. The company recognises the value of good employees. It typically invests an average of Rs.7000 to train each new employee. In addition to learning about stores operations, new employees learn the importance of good customer service and how to provide it. The employees are helpful, cheerfully answering customer questions or handling complaints. Employees are motivated through a combination of compensation, profit sharing, and benefits. Quality and Customer satisfaction are utmost in the minds of Wegmans management and its employees. Private label food items as well as name brands are regularly evaluated in test kitchens, along with the potential new products. Managers are responsible for checking and maintaining products and service quality in their departments. Moreover, employees are encouraged to report problems to their managers.If a customer is dissatisfied with an item and returns it, or even a portion of the item, the customer is offered a choice of a replacement or a refund. If the item is a Wegmans brand food item, it is then sent to the test kitchen to determine the cause of the problem. If the cause can be determined, corrective action is taken.

Dealing with Loneliness

I never had many friends. I was always the loner kid, sitting in the corner, not talking or even looking at anyone, you know? The one with the glasses, the braces, the ‘uncool’ shoes; the classic victim. For as long as I could remember I’d been picked on. Whether it was someone thieving my books, or pushing me over ‘by accident’, there was always something. The awful thing was, nobody seemed to care. The teachers chose not to see it, and my parents just told me to deal with it; â€Å"just ignore them† was one of their favourite lines. So I built up a wall. I learnt to keep out of peoples’ way, and just do what they told me to do.I never drew attention to myself in lessons; pretended that I was dumb, that I didn’t know anything. My teachers despaired of me, I think; after all, wouldn’t you? So when I started secondary school, I saw it as an opportunity to start afresh. No one knew me, I could be a different person, and maybe people wouldn’t be so mean. And at first, it worked. I had a group of friends, which was a novelty for me, seeing as it had never happened before, and I made more of an effort in lessons. My parents didn’t mind that I was going out every night to hang out in the park.They were just relieved that I wasn’t still a loner. I actually spoke to them at home, told them about my day; they were amazed. Over the next few months, my popularity increased. I found myself in the middle of a large group of friends, and it was fascinating to me that these people actually wanted to be around me, to be my friend, to talk to me; and this time, they said nice things, not insults and threats. I never told any of my new friends about the bullying at my primary school. I guess I thought that if I told them, they might change their opinions of me and maybe think that I wasn’t so cool after all.About half way through my first year at secondary school, a boy started at our school . When we were told in assembly, the name rang a bell in my memory, but I couldn’t put a face to the name. But as soon as he walked into our class, I knew who he was. I must have done a double take or something, because my best friend sitting next to me immediately asked me what was wrong. He was a guy from my primary school, the leader of the nastiness. I don’t think he recognised me; at least he didn’t show it – after all, the glasses had gone and I was sitting with loads of my friends, not in my old haunt in the corner.For about a week he did nothing, he didn’t even speak to me; I was stupid enough to think that maybe he had forgotten. But I was wrong. About a week after he started, I started to get these texts, saying horrible, cruel things; worse than they’d been before. I knew it was him straight away, but he never said his name, so I couldn’t prove it. My friends didn’t know. I didn’t tell them. My parents didnâ⠂¬â„¢t notice, it was a busy time at work and they were too wrapped up in their own lives. I became more and more shy, more closed off, and slowly my school work started to suffer.It was like being back at primary school all over again. Luckily, the teachers at my secondary school wouldn’t let it slip so easily. They phoned home and told my parents they thought something was wrong. My parents sat me down and wouldn’t let me leave until I told them what was going on. I didn’t want to, it was like admitting defeat, but finally I showed them the texts. They were horrified. I didn’t want to contact the school, I didn’t want to do anything about it, but they did, and I realise now that it was for my own good.The school sorted it all out; he’s gone from my life now, and I don’t have to speak to him ever again. My friends were shocked when they found out what had been going on. They couldn’t believe I hadn’t told them about it before. What surprised me the most was that they didn’t think I was weak or stupid, and they didn’t change their minds about me; in fact, it made our friendships stronger, because I felt more open with them. I think I would have dealt with it better if I’d told my friends. But it’s in the past now, and I try not to stay on it. My life has moved on.

The Original 13 States of the United States

The Original 13 States of the United States The first 13 states of the United States of America were comprised of the original British colonies established between 17th and 18th centuries. While the first English settlement in North America was the Colony and Dominion of Virginia, established 1607, the permanent 13  colonies were established as follows: The New England Colonies New Hampshire Province, chartered as a British colony in 1679Massachusetts Bay Province chartered as a British colony in1692Rhode Island Colony chartered as a British colony in 1663Connecticut Colony chartered as a British colony in 1662 The Middle Colonies New York Province, chartered as a British colony in 1686New Jersey Province, chartered as a British colony in 1702Pennsylvania Province, a proprietary colony established in 1681Delaware Colony (before 1776, the Lower Counties on the Delaware River), a proprietary colony established in 1664 The Southern Colonies Maryland Province, a proprietary colony established in 1632Virginia Dominion and Colony, a British colony established in 1607Carolina Province, a proprietary colony established 1663Divided Provinces of North and South Carolina, each chartered as British colonies in 1729Georgia Province, a British colony established in 1732 Establishment of the 13 States The 13 states were officially established by the Articles of Confederation, ratified on March 1, 1781. The Articles created a loose confederation of sovereign states operating alongside a weak central government. Unlike the current power-sharing system of â€Å"federalism,† the Articles of Confederation bestowed most governmental powers to the states. The need for a stronger national government soon became apparent and eventually led to the Constitutional Convention in 1787. The United States Constitution replaced the Articles of Confederation on March 4, 1789.The original 13 states recognized by the Articles of Confederation were (in chronological order): Delaware (ratified the Constitution on December 7, 1787)Pennsylvania (ratified the Constitution on December 12, 1787)New Jersey (ratified the Constitution on December 18, 1787)Georgia (ratified the Constitution on January 2, 1788)Connecticut (ratified the Constitution on January 9, 1788)Massachusetts (ratified the Constitution on February 6, 1788)Maryland (ratified the Constitution on April 28, 1788)South Carolina (ratified the Constitution on May 23, 1788)New Hampshire (ratified the Constitution on June 21, 1788)Virginia (ratified the Constitution on June 25, 1788)New York (ratified the Constitution on July 26, 1788)North Carolina (ratified the Constitution on November 21, 1789)Rhode Island (ratified the Constitution on May 29, 1790) Along with the 13 North American colonies, Great Britain also controlled New World colonies in present-day Canada, the Caribbean, as well as East and West Florida by 1790. Today, the process by which U.S. territories attain full statehood is left largely to the discretion of Congress under Article IV, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution, which states, in part, â€Å"The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚   Brief History of the US Colonies While the Spanish were among the first Europeans to settle in the â€Å"New World,† England had by the 1600s established itself as the dominant governing presence along the Atlantic coast of what would become the United States. The first English colony in America was founded in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia. Many of the settlers had come to the New World to escape religious persecution or in hopes of economic gains. In September 1620, the Pilgrims, a group of oppressed religious dissidents from England, boarded their ship, the Mayflower and set sail for the New World. Arriving off the coast of what is now Cape Cod in November 1620, they established a settlement at Plymouth, Massachusetts. After surviving great initial hardships in adjusting to their new homes, colonists in both Virginia and Massachusetts thrived with the well-publicized assistance of nearby Native American tribes. While increasingly large crops of corn kept them fed, tobacco in Virginia provided them with a lucrative source of income. By the early 1700s a growing share of the colonies’ population was comprised of African slaves. By 1770, the population of Britain’s 13 North American colonies had grown to more than 2 million people. By the early 1700s enslaved Africans made up a growing percentage of the colonial population. By 1770, more than 2 million people lived and worked in Great Britains 13 North American colonies. Government in the Colonies On November 11, 1620, before establishing their Plymouth Colony, the Pilgrims drafted the Mayflower Compact, a social contract in which they basically agreed that they would govern themselves. The powerful precedent for self-government set by the Mayflower Compact would be reflected in the system of public town meetings that guided colonial governments across New England. While the 13 colonies were indeed  allowed a high degree of self-government, the British system of mercantilism ensured that the colonies existed purely to benefit the economy of the  mother country. Each colony was allowed to develop its own limited government, which operated under a colonial governor appointed by and answerable to the British Crown. With the exception of the British-appointed governor, the colonists freely elected their own government representatives who were required to administer the English system of â€Å"common law.† Significantly, most decisions of the local colonial governments had to be reviewed and approved by both the colonial governor and the British Crown. A system which would become more cumbersome and contentious as the colonies grew and prospered. By the 1750s, the colonies had started dealing with each other in matters concerning their economic interests, often without consulting the British Crown. This led to a growing feeling of American identity among the colonists who began to demand that the Crown protect their â€Å"Rights as Englishmen,† particularly the right of â€Å"no taxation without representation.† The colonists’ continued and growing grievances with the British government under the rule of King George III would lead to the colonists’ issuance of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the American Revolution, and eventually, the Constitutional Convention of 1787. Today, the American flag prominently displays thirteen horizontal red and white stripes representing the original thirteen colonies.

James Hutton Essay Example

James Hutton Essay Example James Hutton Paper James Hutton Paper James Hutton A report done by Sarah Lynn Brixey James Hutton was a Scottish geologist, naturalist, and experimental farmer. He is considered the father of modern geology. His theories of geology and geologic time, are also called deep time, and came to be included in theories which were called plutonism and uniformitarianism. Plutonism is the disproven theory that all rocks formed by solidification of a molten mass. Uniformitarianism means of or pertaining to the thesis that processes that operated in the remote geological past are not different from those observed now. Another definition of uniformitarianism is supporting, conforming to, or derived from a theory or doctrine about uniformity, esp. on the subject of geology. In this report on James Hutton, you will learn who he was, his theory of rock formations, and his publication career. James Hutton was born in Edinburgh on June 3, 1726 as one of five children of a merchant who was also Edinburgh City Treasurer, but died when James was very young. He attended school at the Edinburgh High School, where he was particularly interested in mathematics and chemistry. At the age of 14, he attended the University of Edinburgh as a â€Å"student of humanity†. He was an intern to a lawyer at the age of 17, but took more of an interest in chemical experiments than legal work. At the age of 18, he became a doctor’s assistant and attended lectures of medicine at the University of Edinburgh. Three years later, he studied medicine in Paris, and in 1749, he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine at Leyden with a thesis on blood circulation. Around 1747, he had a son by a woman named Miss Edington, and other than giving the boy financial assistance, he had little to do with him. The boy went on to become a post office clerk in London. After receiving his degree, Hutton returned to London, and in the summer of 1750, at the age of 24, went back to Edinburgh and resumed experiments with close friend, James Davie. Their work on production of sal ammoniac from soot led to their partnership in profitable chemical works, manufacturing the crystalline salts which were used for dyeing, metalwork, and as smelling salts that were previously available only from natural sources and that had to be imported from Egypt. Hutton owned and rented out properties in Edinburgh, which employed a factor to manage this business. James Hutton inherited his father’s Berwickshire farms of Slighthouses, which are lowland farms that had been in the family since 1713, and a hill farm of Nether Monynut. In the early 1750s, he moved to Slighthouses, with his goal being to making improvements, which introduced farming practices from other parts of Britain and experimenting with plant and animal cultivation. He recorded his ideas and innovations in an unpublished thesis on The Elements of Agriculture. This developed his interest in meteorology and geology, and by 1753, he had become very fond of studying the surface of the earth, and was looking with anxious curiosity into every pit or ditch or bed of a river he came across. Working in a clearing and draining his farm provided many opportunities, and he noticed that a vast proportion of the present rocks are composed of materials afforded by the destruction of bodies, animal, vegetable and mineral, of more ancient formation†. His theoretical ideas began to come together in 1760, and while his farming activities continued, in 1764, he went on a geological tour of the north of Scotland with George Maxwell-Clerk. In 1768, Hutton returned to Edinburgh, leaving his farms to tenants but continuing to take an interest in farm improvements and research, which included experiments carried out at Slighthouses. He developed a red dye made from the roots of the madder plant. He had a house built in 1770 at St. John’s Hill, Edinburgh, overlooking Salisbury Crags. He was one of the most influential participants in the Scottish Enlightenment, and fell in with numerous first-class minds in the sciences including John Playfair, philosopher David Hume, and economist Adam Smith. He was a particularly close friend of Joseph Black, and the two of them together with Adam Smith founded the Oyster Club for weekly meetings, that included Hutton and Black to find a venue, which turned out to have rather disreputable associations. Between 1767 and 1774, Hutton had considerable close involvement with the construction of the Forth and Clyde Canal, making full use of his geological knowledge, both as a shareholder and as a member of the committee of management, and attended meetings including extended site inspections of all the works. In 1777, he published a pamphlet on Considerations on the Nature, Quality and distinctions of Coal and Culm, which successfully helped to obtain relief from removal duty on carrying small coal. Hutton hit on a variety of ideas to explain the rock formations he saw around him, but according to Playfair, he â€Å"was in no haste to publish his theory; for he was one of those who are much more delighted with the contemplation of truth, than with the praise of having discovered it. † After some 25 years of work, his Theory of the Earth; or and Investigation of the Laws observable in the Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration of Land upon the Globe was read to meetings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in two parts, first by his friend Joseph Black on March 7, 1785, and the second by himself on April 4, 1785. He subsequently read an abstract of his dissertation Concerning the System of the Earth, its Duration and Stability to the Society meeting on July 4, 1785, which he had printed and circulated privately. In it, his theory states that the solid part of the present land appears in general, to have been composed of the productions of the sea, and of other materials similar to those now found upon the shores. Hence we find reason to conclude:  ·That the land on which we rest is not simple and original, but that it is a composition, and has been formed by the operation of second causes.  ·That before the present land was made, there had subsisted a world composed of sea and land, in which were tides and currents, with such operations at the bottom of the sea as now take place.  ·That while the present land is forming at the bottom of the ocean, the former land maintained plants and animals; at least the sea was then inhabited by animals, in a similar manner as it is presently. Hence we are led to conclude, that the greater part of our land, if not the whole had been produced by operations natural to this globe; but that in order to make this land a permanent body, resisting the operations of the waters, two things must be required.  ·The consolidation of masses formed by collections of loose or incoherent materials.  ·The elevation of those consolidated masses from the bottom of the sea, the place where they were collected, to the stations in which they now remain above the level of the ocean. At Glen Tilt in the Cairngorm Mountains in the Scottish Highlands, Hutton found granite penetrating metamorphic schists, in a way, which indicated that the granite had been molten at the time. This showed him that granite formed from cooling of molten rock, not precipitation out of water, as others at the time had believed, and that the granite must be younger than the schists. He went on to find a similar penetration of volcanic rock through sedimentary rock near the center of Edinburgh, at Salisbury Crags, adjoining Arthur’s Seat, which is now known as Hutton’s Section. He found other examples on the Isle of Arran, also known as Hutton’s Unconformity and in Galloway. In 1787, Hutton noted what is now known as the Hutton Unconformity at Inchbonny, Jedburgh, in layers of sedimentary rock. Hutton reasoned that there must have been several cycles, each involving deposition on the seabed, uplift with tilting and erosion, then undersea again for further layers to be deposited, and there have been many cycles before over an extremely long history. Although Hutton privately circulated printed version of the abstract of his Theory, which he read at a meeting of the Royal Society of Edinburgh on July 4, 1785, the theory as read at the March 7, 1785 and April 4, 1785 meetings did not appear in print until 1788. It was titled Theory of the Earth; or and Investigation of the Laws observable in the Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration of Land upon the Globe and appeared in Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Following criticism, especially Richard Kirwan’s, who thought he was an atheist and not logical, among other things, Hutton published a two volume version of his theory in 1795, consisting of the 1788 version of his theory that included slight additions along with a lot of material drawn from shorter papers Hutton already had to hand on various subjects such as the origin of granite. It included a review of alternative theories, such as those of Thomas Burnet and Georges-Louis Leclerc, and Comte de Buffon. This whole was entitled An Investigation of the Principles of Knowledge and of the Progress of Reason, from Sense to Science and Philosophy when the third volume was completed in 1794. Its 2,138 pages prompted Playfair to remark that â€Å"The great size of the book, and the obscurity which may justly be objected to many parts of it, have probably prevented it from being received as it deserves†. His new theories placed him into opposition with the then-popular Neptunist theories of Abraham Gottlob Werner that all rocks had precipitated out of single enormous flood. Hutton proposed that the interior of the Earth was hot, and that this heat was the engine, which drove the creation of new rock; land was eroded by air and water and deposited into stone, and uplifted it into new lands. This theory was dubbed â€Å"Plutonist† in contrast to the flood-oriented theory. As well as combating the Neptunists, he also opened up the concept of deep time for scientific purposes, in opposition to Catastrophism. Rather than accepting that the Earth was no more than a few thousand years old, he maintained that the Earth must be much older, with a istory extending indefinitely into the distant past. His main line of argument was that the tremendous displacements and changes he was seeing did not happen in a short period of time by means of catastrophe, but that processes still happening on earth in the present day had caused them. As these processes were very gradual, the Earth needed to be ancient, in order to allow time for the changes. Before long, scie ntific inquiries provoked by his claims had pushed back the age of the earth into the millions of years- still too short when compared with what is known as in the 21st century, but a distinct improvement. The prose of Principles of Knowledge was so obscure, in fact, that it also impeded the acceptance of Hutton’s geological theories. Restatements of his geological ideas by John Playfair in 1802 and then Charles Lyell in the 1830s removed this hindrance. If anything, Hutton’s ideas were eventually accepted too well. At least some of the initial resistance to modern scientific ideas like plate tectonics and asteroid strikes causing mass extinctions can be attributed to too-strict adherence to uniformitarianism. It was not merely the Earth to which Hutton directed his attention. He had long studied the changes of the atmosphere. The same volume in which his Theory of Earth appeared contained also a Theory of Rain. He contended that the amount of moisture, which the air can retain in solution, increases with temperature, and, therefore, that on the mixture of two masses of air of different temperatures a portion of the moisture must be condensed and appear in visible form. He investigated the available data regarding rainfall and climate in different regions of the globe, and came to the conclusion that the rainfall is regulated by the humidity of the air on the one hand, and mixing of different air currents in the higher atmosphere on the other. In conclusion, James Hutton was a great man who did many things. On a more personal note, reading and learning about him peaked my curiosity in the things that we are learning in Earth Science class, and also to an extent in Geography. Before reading this, I didn’t really care about geology or rocks, for that matter. But after reading this, it sort of made me want to learn more about geology. Bibliography Page 1. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/277702/James-Hutton 2. plutonism. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2008. Merriam-Webster Online. 1 September 2008 merriam-webster. com/dictionary/plutonism

LinkedIn Changes Whats New on LinkedIn in December 2017

LinkedIn Changes Whats New on LinkedIn in December 2017 I haven’t provided an update on what’s new on LinkedIn for about six months. The time has come! As you may remember, Microsoft purchased LinkedIn in at this time in 2016, and there was much speculation as to the LinkedIn changes that would come. We’re starting to find out! I believe (pure speculation on my part) that a lot of the LinkedIn changes that happened through May were already in the works prior to the Microsoft acquisition. Here’s an end-of-year round-up on what’s happened since then. You’ll notice a lot of these items are unequivocally a result of the Microsoft + LinkedIn marriage. Others are in the job search and messaging realm, and then there’s one upgrade to LinkedIn’s video capabilities. I’m curious to know what you think of these changes. Do you think they are improvements to the LinkedIn platform? Microsoft and LinkedIn Integration Features 1. LinkedIn’s Profile Card on Office 365 This feature only works if you use Office 365. Personally, I don’t think it’s valuable enough to convince people to get Office 365, but maybe that’s the idea? Here’s how it works: You can now connect your LinkedIn account to your Microsoft account. This move gives you access to information about your contacts that’s sourced from their LinkedIn profile. By hovering over a contact’s name, you’ll be able to see where they work, what they do, and where they went to school. This might seem disturbing, except you do have them in your contacts list already, so theoretically it’s not too creepy that you can easily find out more about them. Use this Office 365 integration to better understand colleagues, customers or partners. Youll get a good foundation to collaborate efficiently, whether they are within or outside your organization. According to LinkedIn (as of September 25, 2017), integration  with  the Profile Card  in Office 365  was to roll out in  October on  Outlook  on the web, SharePoint and OneDrive for Business. The LinkedIn integration was then to roll out to  Outlook.com customers, with  Outlook  for Windows, Outlook  for  iOS,  and other Office products  following. To set up the 365/LinkedIn integration, just open a person’s Profile Card in Outlook and click on the LinkedIn match. You’ll say â€Å"Yes, let’s go† when prompted and â€Å"accept† in order to view information about your contact. 2.  Desktop App for Windows 10 For those of you using Windows 10, LinkedIn has created a new LinkedIn desktop app  so that you access LinkedIn without having to open your browser. You’ll get real-time professional updates, including new messages, insights on whos viewed your profile, trending news in your industry and other timely highlights on your professional network.† You’ll also be able to manage the types of updates you receive. 3.  Find Resume Keywords with Microsoft and LinkedIn After you select your desired role and industry on LinkedIn, Resume Assistant will use the LinkedIn database to identify the skills listed by other similar professionals. You can then add those skills if applicable. (Need a new skill? Maybe you can pick it up with LinkedIn Learning.) Youll also see relevant job listings, along with details of what the job requires, which can be extremely helpful as you tailor your resume to a specific role. Remember, there’s no â€Å"one size fits all† resume – so use this tool to create a resume that matches a specific job opening! LinkedIn’s Job Search and Networking Tools 4.  Open Candidates Open Candidates is not new, but I thought it was worth including. LinkedIn announced improvements to the feature in October, with the special reminder that Open Candidates is NOT a public status but a private indication to recruiters that you are open for opportunities. Find it in the Career Interests section within  Your Dashboard. Once you turn on Open Candidates, LinkedIn will ask questions about your job requirements that are meant to ensure you’re contacted for positions that fit your interests. On the horizon are â€Å"personalized suggestions to help you improve your profile, as well as unique insights on how much attention you’re getting from recruiters.† If you’re is using these LinkedIn changes, I’d love to hear what results you’re getting! 5.  Who You Know Can Help You Get the Job Networking has been proven again and again to be the #1 way to get a job. Between 70 and 85 percent of people ended up in the current position due to networking. That’s why LinkedIn has made it easy to find out who you know at a company who might be able to help you get your next job. When you look at a job opening or a Company Page on LinkedIn, you’ll automatically see your mutual connections  in the  messaging conversation window. Reach out to the people you know at a company to learn more about the culture, make an introduction, or maybe even learn about a job opening. Taking these steps is absolutely essential for your job search success! 6.  Profile Access: Hover to Learn More On a related note, LinkedIn had eliminated the ability to hover over people and companies to see more without having to click their profile. Now they’ve brought it back! Enjoy. 7. LinkedIn Career Advice Want to be a mentor or a mentee? Career Advice helps connect LinkedIn members for mentorship opportunities. To get started, go to the dashboard on your  LinkedIn Profile  and find the Career Advice hub. From there, enter your preferences for the type of advice you’re looking to give or receive and LinkedIn will recommend appropriate connections. This could be a great way to advance your own career, or to contribute to another professional’s success. LinkedIn Changes to Messaging Features 8.  Active Status on LinkedIn Messaging LinkedIn changes are making it more and more like Facebook every day. Now you can see whether your connections are logged into LinkedIn. Just look for the green dot next to their profile photo, which indicates they’re currently online. Maybe they’ll respond faster if you message them. Maybe not. But it’s always nice to feel like we know what someone’s doing at any moment, right? 9.  Smart Reply Messages When you receive a message in the LinkedIn messaging app, you’ll be given suggestions on how to reply. Some options are a thumbs up icon, smiley face emoji, and phrases like â€Å"Thanks,† â€Å"You’re welcome,† â€Å"Good luck,† â€Å"Sure,† â€Å"Not sure,† â€Å"Hi [first name],â€Å" and many other surprisingly responsive canned messages. Warning: If you click on any of those messages, the message gets sent exactly as is, without space for you to add to it. So I almost always forgo the smart replies and write my own message, unless my response is a simple thumbs up. Use these as you see fit. It’s kind of fun just to see how appropriate (or not) the suggested messages are! LinkedIn Video 10.  LinkedIn Video Sharing videos on LinkedIn has become easier than ever. If you’re on the LinkedIn mobile app, look for the share box at the top of the feed (iOS) or the post button (Android) and tap on the video icon. You can record a video in the app, or upload something you recorded earlier. After you post a video, you can see who’s viewing it and how many views, likes, and comments it’s receiving. These audience insights are in the dashboard section of your LinkedIn profile on both mobile and desktop. Please comment on your experience of these new (and improved?) LinkedIn changes. And hang on to your hats as we discover what’s in store for 2018! For more help with your LinkedIn profile, check out my LinkedIn writing services or my bestselling book, How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile.

Comperhension Exam Question ED.d Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Comperhension Exam Question ED.d - Essay Example In the previous days the educational leaders use to operate on an autocratic tone. However, the present demand of the changing societies has made them shift from autocratic to democratic roles. Democratic leadership roles of an educational leader require them to arrive at collective decisions through acting on a collaborative sphere with huge number of stakeholders to the issue. The act of taking decisions based on a collaborative sphere helps the educational leader in organizing newer communities. Thus the activities of the educational leader are not only restricted in developing the level of education but in also transforming the economic and social face of the community. While acting in the parameter of democratic leadership the educational leader needs to have a patient ear to the issues cited by the different stakeholders. Further, the educational leader must also try to concentrate on the persons who are failing to voice their issues. (English & Anderson, 68-69) Collaborative l eadership takes place when the educational leader welcomes the views of the multiple stakeholders to render a holistic approach to the problem. In conducting policy building exercises the educational leaders operating in a collaborative environment are required to take into consideration the viewpoint of different legislators and regulatory authorities. This helps to not only create an interest of the government stakeholders but also helps to create a neutral outlook to the solutions cited and policies created. Educational leaders must also actively cooperate to develop the condition of government schools for it would help develop the lower strata of the society who do not have access to proper schooling. Educational leadership functions on a complex set of values where both individualism and joint understandings operate on the same plane. The democratic leadership itself fosters a level of strong binding among the different stakeholders so that they can perform effectively

The Cultural Challenges of Doing Business Overseas Essay

The Cultural Challenges of Doing Business Overseas - Essay Example The main differences between the US and Czech culture are found in food preferences and style of life. In contrast to American consumers, Czech families prefer to eat at home which helps them to save time and money. Fast food and snack bars are not so popular in Czech Republic. The main target audience of Chicago Style Pizza would include young people and students, middle income families and busy professionals. Cultural differences cover the state of intellectual development of the people and the state of commercial development of the nation. The major risks are underdeveloped fast food culture and strong cultural eating and food patterns. Steve can reduce these risks locating its snack bars in big cities and high populated areas, in business and students centres (Bartlett and Ghoshal 1999). Country-of-origin image can be positively perceived by Czech consumers. In theory, "country of origin based stereotyping may be universal in nature; however, the degree to which it is applied and the prominence given in the evaluation of the product varies" (Bartlett and Ghoshal 1999, 51). ... Customer reactions to price and the judgments that customers make will be conditioned by their perceptions and attitudes toward the country of origin of Chicago Style Pizza. On the one hand, consumers will be influenced by an American origin of the new venture and image of Italian cuisine (Bartlett and Ghoshal 1999). The comparative advantage is underdeveloped fast food market segment which proposes great opportunities for a new entry. Unique image of pizza and unique perception and attitude towards Italian food could have a positive impact on consumers' behavior. Taking into account fast food experience it is possible to say that it creates and develops its global image using American origin supported by the decision to extend and adapt new features influenced by the socio-cultural, economic, and political environments of the other countries. For Chicago Style Pizza, the key to meeting market share or unit sales objectives is making product design changes in response to local market conditions. However, the benefits of achieving such objectives are weighed against the cost of changing a product's design and testing it in the market (Czech Culture Overview 2005). Attention to language skills in recruitment and opportunities for employees to learn another language are commonplace solutions which need no discussion. The understanding of social behavior and good manners in each country is also a very important sphere of IHRM practices. While cultural differences may be regarded as a barrier to the achievement of a truly harmonised single market, they do not act as a barrier to doing business abroad. By adapting to local cultural conditions firms can operate successfully across the nations (Bartlett and Ghoshal 1999). Indeed, it is possible to argue that the

Gospel Parables Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gospel Parables - Research Paper Example There are several links in this particular webpage titled â€Å"The Gospel Parables† and access to all links is convenient. However, the website has a very old outlook and people might fight it very unappealing and outdated. Navigation process of the website is clear to the users and the links are highlighted efficiently to get quick access. All the windows open smoothly and the description of each link is given appropriately.. However the website doest not include any images or pictures and is all about written parables and information related to Jesus’ teachings. There are several parables included in the website, so as to give a wide variety of information to the readers. When a reader views the parables, it definitely gives them a realistic experience of hearing the teaching from Jesus Christ himself. The aim of the website is to alert the common men and non -believers who are ignorant about the divine law of God. The parables are here explained briefly, but the int roduction of Jesus Christ is not given, if it had been present , the writing would have been much beneficial to the readers. It is also visible here that, introductions to the parables are not done in an appropriate manner .If each parable is not introduced properly , the value of the subject get deducted. As the compilation of the writing originated from a Bishop, the credibility of the website soar, and visitors can get more intrigued in reading the parables. Moreover, the message being directly from Jesus, religious and spiritual people would not think twice about reading the information. However, the English language is used in a very simple form, so that lay men and children can understand it without much difficulty. The meaning of parable and its aim for creation is briefly understood by the author of the website. Here around 25 parables are put forward by the author, and all are explained moderately to make the understanding less complicated for the reader. At times, it can b e noted that explanation is too much in biblical terms which can confuse the non believers and readers of first time. The website is very informative but it looks too pale and simple to keep the interest of reader. In current times people look in for more multimedia and special effects in the website, and this website is too normal and unattractive. Moreover the writing has not used any catchy phrases or sentences to touch the reader emotionally or spiritually. It is highly important that an author relates the article more to the social interaction of the people in a society .The aim of this spiritual article is to induce a spiritual advancement in people and bring about changes in their immediate life. Hence a religious article should be spiritually enforcing and has to be very carefully compiled in order to impart knowledge and to sustain the interest of people engaged in web browsing or web hunting. In this writing ,some parables get initiated abruptly and is obviously less struc tured. A writing should always have a proper introduction ,other wise the reader is left to confusion and ambiguity as to the purpose of the writing. It is seen that some parables does not give a wholesome message to people. Just quoting a verse from bible does not make a literature religious or spiritual, but there should be a worthy substance to the whole writing . A consistent writing only can keep

Analyzing Visual Texts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyzing Visual Texts - Essay Example The portrait pictures a ship which seemed to have been wrecked on a beach with a few sailors seemingly having escaped the doomed ship. This portrait also portrays the sailors in a boat on sandy cove with the entrance of a dark cave mouth just behind the sailors in the boat. The most striking thing about this picture is the sailors who seem to be struggling with violent waves near a beach with the silhouette of a wrecked ship in the distance. The centrality of the light tower in the painting is of utmost importance as it offers a different perspective to the picture. This portrait portrays the message of the lack of understanding of the forces of nature and the struggle between man and these forces. Discussion The most important element that the author intends to convey is with regard to the characters in the portrait that are a representation of the people of the 18th century. It has to be noted that this was a time when marine disasters and accidents were a common occurrence which c aptured the popular imagination. The characters are drawn in bright colors in order to distinguish them and make them stand out from the rest of the portrait elements. The characters are portrayed at the very edge and bottom of the portrait to put forth the message of the omnipotence of nature and how little power man had over nature. This is in contrast to the forces of nature such as the clouds and waves which are portrayed in bold and angry strokes to show their power. The characters being relegated to a role in the bottom of the portrait yet being in the foreground enables the author to focus attention on the characters but more on the powers of nature as shown by the centrality of the great white waves threatening the sailors. The portrait takes advantage of the attitudes of the times in whipping up emotions and taking advantage of the lack of understanding of nature by the audience. The audience of this portrait live in a period in which very little is understood of nature. Na ture is perceived as being omnipotent and all powerful. A great surging white wave is pictured bending and breaking in the middle of the portrait in what may be perceived as portrayal of the power of nature. The picture is intended to show the great power of nature over man. The men in the picture seem to be in a losing struggle to save their lives. Through the centrality of the great white wave which threatens to wash them out to sea, the author intends to show the futility of man trying to struggle with nature. Nature seems to have won by taking some few lives as can be seen from the vague outlines of bodies floating on the water near the boat. It would seem that the breaking and bending of the wave near the shipwrecked sailors, is an assertion that nature is supreme. Nature seems to be asserting its dominance and demanding respect from the sailors. The sailor who is depicted as holding his hands over his head in a gesture of prayer offers an even more profound understanding of ho w religion was used in understanding nature. Religion is an important element which the author intends to put into use in explaining the audience’s attitudes towards nature. Due to little knowledge on science and how to interpret the weather and other forces of nature scientifically, religion was the main way through which these people tried to understand natural phenomenon. The author in picturing a sailor in a posture of appeal to the

Complementary Therapeutic Nursing Interventions Coursework

Complementary Therapeutic Nursing Interventions - Coursework Example The paper tells that the evidence presented in the research report supports the conclusion that accounting of Medical Administering Errors (MAEs) ought to be anonymous in addition to being without unhelpful consequences. Both the reviewed literature and the results highlighted that MAEs are a problem in many hospitals. The results of the study confirmed the existence of the problem as 66.9 percent of the nursing professionals who took part in the study reported experiencing Medical Administering Errors (Lin & Ma, 2009). The research was performed out of the need to improve the quality of health that had been on the decline in Taiwan due to MAEs. In view of this, the results of this study indicated that 87.7 percent of nurses were willing to report MAEs. Hence, the real problem was not underreporting of MAEs but the complexity that come with reporting MAEs such as negative consequences and lack of anonymity. Other evidence presented in the research support the conclusion that negative consequences promote underreporting of MAEs. For instance, the results of the study showed that the odds of eagerness to report Medical Administering Errors improved 2.66 times in privately run rest homes (p = 0.032,confidence interval = 1.09-6.49), and 3.28 in charity hospitals (p = 0.00, confidence interval = 1.73 to 6.21) as contrasted to community hospitals. The explanation of this observation is that privately run and charitable hospitals encompass more flexible as well as receptive organizational environments than community hospitals. ... Other evidence presented in the research support the conclusion that negative consequences promote underreporting of MAEs. For instance, the results of the study showed that the odds of eagerness to report Medical Administering Errors improved 2.66 times in privately run rest homes (p = 0.032,confidence interval = 1.09-6.49), and 3.28 in charity hospitals (p = 0.00, confidence interval = 1.73 to 6.21) as contrasted to community hospitals (Lin & Ma, 2009). The explanation of this observation is that privately run and charitable hospitals encompass more flexible as well as receptive organizational environments than community hospitals. Hence, nurses working in these hospitals tend to report MAEs more. Another explanation could be that community hospitals may perhaps make nursing professionals very perceptive of hospital targets toward quality enhancement. As a result, nurses may occasionally have chosen not to account for medical administering errors events, to evade being answerable f or a letdown to accomplish the goal. Ethical Issues that may have arisen while conducting the research One of the ethical issues that could have arisen in this study is consent to take part in the study. In longitudinal studies, informed consent must be obtained at several stages of the research. In the case of Lin and Ma (2009), ethical consent was only required before filling the questionnaires. This type of consent is known as initial consent. Depending on the ethical issues involved in a study other informed consent such as, continuing consent, consent to find respondent in case of a follow up study, consent for unforeseen analysis and activities and consent for transition among others. Another ethical issue that could have arisen

HY 1110-08F-2, AMERICAN HISTORY I (HY1110-08F-2) Essay - 6

HY 1110-08F-2, AMERICAN HISTORY I (HY1110-08F-2) - Essay Example In the South, non-legislative means were used to intimidate former slaves from integrating into white society. One of these groups was the Ku Klux Klan. This group began as a pro-American group, but quickly decided that pro-white American was the real purpose of their organization. Changes in society in the North were occurred also. The northern abolitionist groups, having achieved their goals, found new topics to focus their energies upon. Coupled with the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening, these groups attacked the many ills they saw in society. Specifically, the temperance movement and the womens suffrage movement became prominent forces for social change after the Civil War. The status of women in society began to change as well. In the North and South, most members of society of both sexes felt that a womens primary responsibility was to her family and within her own home (Clinton 1999). But a growing number of women believed that this primary responsibility should not prevent them from enjoying the same civil liberties as men, especially in regards to voting. Womens voices began to be heard in more prominent ways after the civil

Complementary Therapeutic Nursing Interventions Coursework

Complementary Therapeutic Nursing Interventions - Coursework Example The paper tells that the evidence presented in the research report supports the conclusion that accounting of Medical Administering Errors (MAEs) ought to be anonymous in addition to being without unhelpful consequences. Both the reviewed literature and the results highlighted that MAEs are a problem in many hospitals. The results of the study confirmed the existence of the problem as 66.9 percent of the nursing professionals who took part in the study reported experiencing Medical Administering Errors (Lin & Ma, 2009). The research was performed out of the need to improve the quality of health that had been on the decline in Taiwan due to MAEs. In view of this, the results of this study indicated that 87.7 percent of nurses were willing to report MAEs. Hence, the real problem was not underreporting of MAEs but the complexity that come with reporting MAEs such as negative consequences and lack of anonymity. Other evidence presented in the research support the conclusion that negative consequences promote underreporting of MAEs. For instance, the results of the study showed that the odds of eagerness to report Medical Administering Errors improved 2.66 times in privately run rest homes (p = 0.032,confidence interval = 1.09-6.49), and 3.28 in charity hospitals (p = 0.00, confidence interval = 1.73 to 6.21) as contrasted to community hospitals. The explanation of this observation is that privately run and charitable hospitals encompass more flexible as well as receptive organizational environments than community hospitals. ... Other evidence presented in the research support the conclusion that negative consequences promote underreporting of MAEs. For instance, the results of the study showed that the odds of eagerness to report Medical Administering Errors improved 2.66 times in privately run rest homes (p = 0.032,confidence interval = 1.09-6.49), and 3.28 in charity hospitals (p = 0.00, confidence interval = 1.73 to 6.21) as contrasted to community hospitals (Lin & Ma, 2009). The explanation of this observation is that privately run and charitable hospitals encompass more flexible as well as receptive organizational environments than community hospitals. Hence, nurses working in these hospitals tend to report MAEs more. Another explanation could be that community hospitals may perhaps make nursing professionals very perceptive of hospital targets toward quality enhancement. As a result, nurses may occasionally have chosen not to account for medical administering errors events, to evade being answerable f or a letdown to accomplish the goal. Ethical Issues that may have arisen while conducting the research One of the ethical issues that could have arisen in this study is consent to take part in the study. In longitudinal studies, informed consent must be obtained at several stages of the research. In the case of Lin and Ma (2009), ethical consent was only required before filling the questionnaires. This type of consent is known as initial consent. Depending on the ethical issues involved in a study other informed consent such as, continuing consent, consent to find respondent in case of a follow up study, consent for unforeseen analysis and activities and consent for transition among others. Another ethical issue that could have arisen

Essay Childhood Obesity Essay Example for Free

Essay Childhood Obesity Essay Childhood Obesity is a health issue, cause by having excess body weight as well as excess of body fat. This is a serious problem for the future of society especially now that our children are not getting enough physical activities because of technology and unhealthy eating patterns. Children who are obese are likely to be obese as adults. Therefore, this habits can take our children to have serious health problems such as heart disease, diabetes, stroke, high cholesterol, and many others health problems. The environment in which we live is been also part of this problem. Children are surrounded by unhealthy commercials and bad influence from their parents. Beverages like sodas which contains approximately 400 calories, and unhealthy choices of meals have contributed to this epidemic cause. Leading our children by giving them examples of how to prevent this kind of problems could be a solution for a better lifestyle and future. It is important that parents support their children by helping them do a diet and physical activities. If your child look at you as a good example of how to stay healthy, they are more likely to be and stay active for their own. Instead of leaving them playing video games, take them to the park and have fun. Being able to spend more time with your kids and being part of their life, can take them to be better not only mentally, but physically. Childhood obesity is been an enormous problem for our society. Furthermore, it is our responsibility to help the future generations by giving them a good example of living and love for those who needs the most. Web, www.obesityaction.org, www.healthychildren.org

A Fruit Smoothie Is A Drink Biology Essay

A Fruit Smoothie Is A Drink Biology Essay Fruit and vegetables are not consumed in the required quantities, throughout the world due to a variety of reasons e.g. availability, cost and/or convenience. Even though there importance is clearly defined by the World Health Organisation guidelines (Keenan et al. 2011a), in the developed world convenience is perceived as being the predominant cause for the demise of fruit and vegetable consumption. This has directly led to the development of a new product set that enables the consumer to achieve the recommended 5 portions a day, whilst maintaining their busy life styles. Smoothies have now entered into popular culture; the (Oxford English Dictionary, 2013) defines it as Noun a thick, smooth drink of fresh fruit purà ©ed with milk, yogurt, or ice cream A fruit Smoothie is a drink that blends fruit and fruit juice together to create a healthy snack. The Smoothie market to have reached $9.0 billion by 2015 (Global Industry Analysts, 2010) and that UK sales reached 34 million in 2006, which is 6.3 million up on 2001 according to Mintel who also expect Smoothie sales to treble by 2011 (BBC News, 2007). In the USA the sales reached $2 billion in 2012, which has grown 80% over the past 5 years (Smoothie Statistics, 2012). In the UK, the sales of smoothie increase to 80 million in 2007, but showed a reduction in sales gradually falling by 2009, however sales have increased again by 2011 to 55 million (British soft drinks, 2011). Mintel are a company that provide food and drink research to the UK. They have reported that many fruit Smoothies have been found to have a hidden sugar content to sweeten the Smoothie up; many of the fruit Smoothies were found to have hidden sugars comprising of fruit juice concentrates and high fructose syrup (Courier mail, 2013). Most Smoothies have apple and banana as core ingredients. Apples have a natural sweetness; this means not as much, if any additional sugar needs to be added to the drink, to sweeten the taste, banana is also added as it adds a natural thickness to the Smoothie, nothing artificial needs to be added to the Smoothie (Innocent drinks, 2013). One problem that is faced is the texture of the drink, it can be quite bitty or grainy, this is derived from tiny particles that some fruits contain, for example strawberries have small pips on the outside of the fruit, so blending the fruit alone will not get the particles to break up. However a way to change this has been found that passing ultrasound waves into the fruit during its preparation makes the particles smaller. Ultrasound wave technology has been available for many years, but in the last 10 years the food industry has developed a methodology to use the ultrasonic waves in food processing (Ultrasonic innovations, 2008). This paper presents an example of using ultrasound waves in the Fruit Smoothie product to reduce the particle size problem outlined earlier. There are a number of advantages for using ultrasonic waves, they have a more effective mixing and micro-mixing, faster energy and mass transfer, reduction in temperature the mixture can remain at the same temperatu re throughout the process. Ultrasound wave technology also increases the production volumes of the Smoothies (Chemat et al., 2011). 1.1 Aims To investigate and reduce the particle size within the Fruit Smoothie mixture using ultrasound waves. To test the treated Smoothie for its- viscosity, colour and centrifuge for the acceptability of the particle size. Testing the treated Smoothie on samplers for the acceptability of the particle size, the colour and the taste in the mouth. 1.2 Objectives Employ ultrasound waves at different power levels for the reduction of particle size and for two different lengths of time. To use the Brookfield viscosity to test the flow rate of the different samples. To use the Hunter LAB to analyse the intensity of the colour change and the centrifuge machine to test the separation for the different samples. Test the finalised product on random, untrained samplers to identify their thoughts about the product and compare the product to an untreated sample product. 1.3 Hypothesis This paper will be an experimental hypothesis. Using ultrasound waves will reduce the particle size in the Smoothie product and create a smoother taste. 2. Literature Review The literature review consists of what a Smoothie is, the types of products available, the role of ingredients, the manufacturing process and sensory attributes. 2.1 Smoothie Definition The word Smoothie comes from the English word smooth meaning tender and creamy. Smoothies are defined as a creamy cold drink which is made of blended fruit or berries together with some fruit juice, only natural ingredients are added to the product. The texture of a Smoothie is of a thick consistency unlike the slush drink and has a consistency more like a milkshake (Smith et al., 2013). 2.2 Types of Smoothies Available The main Smoothie manufacture that is available in the UK, is Innocent Smoothies, they have a wide range of Smoothies already available on the market, from Strawberry and Banana to Kiwis, Apples and Limes to Pomegranates, to Blueberries and Acai (Innocent Drinks, 2013). These Smoothies are available in four different sized bottles, they vary from handy grab and go bottles, to bottles that can be stored in the fridge and used many times over. Innocent dominate with 80% of the market in 2010 (Mintel, 2010). Figure 1: Innocent Smoothie Drinks (Innocent drinks, 2013) Innocent Smoothie also offers other products in this range, five kids Smoothies are available in handy lunch box sized cartons, useful for lunches. Figure 2: Kids smoothies (Innocent drinks, 2013) 2013) Happy monkey are another brand of Smoothie that are mainly branded for kids and their lunch boxes (Happy Monkey Smoothies, 2013). They come in two varieties orange mango and strawberry banana, and can be purchased in a variety of shops. Happy Monkey Smoothies offer less variety than Innocent Smoothie however they have similar products available. One close to the orange and mango is available in Innocents childrens range and the strawberry and banana is found in the main Smoothie range. Figure 3: Happy Monkey smoothie products (Happy Monkey Smoothies, 2013) Another place that Smoothies can be found is from Ellas kitchen, these again are more aimed at children to take to school and have as a healthy snack. They are comprised of five different flavours available in small handy sizes. Like Innocent and Happy Monkey, they have similar flavours with the same ingredients as the back bone to the Smoothie products. Figure 4: Ellas kitchen Fruit Smoothie products (Ellas Kitchen, 2012) The Naked Smoothie Company are aimed at producing Smoothies for adults on the go, that do not have time to eat fruit with their everyday life commitments. Naked advertise that they are a healthy alternative and contain antioxidants in them (Naked Juice, 2013). These advertisements are aimed at those wanting to try and stay healthier for longer by adding antioxidants into their bodies, to help fight free radicals. Naked have launched additional products that claim to increase energy levels throughout the day Figure 5: Naked Juice Smoothies (Naked Juice, 2013) These are the main Smoothie brands on the market in the UK today. Many companies target their brands towards childrens health, helping them get their 5 a day, thus making it easier for their parents by allowing them to have one of their products, the parent does not have to try and persuade the child to eat a piece of fruit. However some companies do promote their products to the older generation advertising that their Smoothie can help them to stay fit and healthy as well as their children. All these Companies claim that their products are 100% pure fruit without any added sweeteners or artificial flavourings. 2.3 Role of ingredients Fruit is the primary component in a Smoothie. Many producers of fruit Smoothies promote how they can help you achieve your five a day in a tasty quick convenient drink. Strawberry: Strawberries in this fruit Smoothie is one of the main ingredients and adds flavour to the drink. Strawberries have a natural sweetness that will sweeten up the product without the need to add any sweeteners to the mixture, thus making the smoothie healthier. Strawberries are a major contributor and they give the drink the pink colour. Strawberries have natural bits around them which give the texture in the smoothies the natural graininess; this is what the ultrasound waves will reduce in the smoothies. Banana: As well as bananas being one of the main ingredients in the smoothie, banana is also a natural thickener (Innocent Smoothie, 2013), this making the banana a vital ingredient in the fruit mixture, as without the banana the drink may become too runny. The banana also adds as a bulking ingredient as it increases the volume of the Smoothie. As banana is one of the main ingredients it adds to the flavour of the drink and produces the banana and strawberry flavoured Smoothie. Grape: Grape juice adds to the flavour, and helps break down the thickness of the banana and sweetens the banana taste. Grape is an acidity regulator and controls the acidity levels in the smoothie. Without the grape juice the acidity in the Smoothie may become too strong. Apple juice: Apple juice is used to add a natural sweetener to the Smoothie (Innocent Smoothie, 2013). By adding this it means no additional sugar is necessary resulting in a healthier drink. The apple juice as with grape helps to break down the banana thickness to create a smoother texture. Oats: Oats are added to the fruit Smoothie to add more fibre. They also change the thickness of the product. The oats added in to the mix changes the texture of the Smoothie. This again will be decreased by using ultrasound technology to reduce the particle size. 2.4 Manufacturing Process Ultrasound is a non-thermal technology utilising high power and high frequency that results in a longitude wave that creates a sudden implosion of bubbles. The implosion generates localised spots with a very high pressure that can disturb cellular structures; this means the particle size will reduce (Fellows, 2009). When ultrasonic waves hit the surface of a material they generate a force, this force is vertical to the surface and it results in a compression wave that moves through the food. If the force is parallel to the surface it produces a shearing wave. Both methods allow the food product to be sonicated (Fellows, 2009). In recent years using ultrasound waves in food processing has been investigated extensively (Rawson et al, 2011) concentrating on the effect that pulses have on the nutritional aspects of the food sample and the lengthening of the shelf life of products. Sonication has significantly improved the preservation role in foods (Rawson et al., 2010). The amount of bu bbles produced depends on the amount of frequency and amplitude of the ultrasound waves (Keenan et al., 2011b). This means the particles of the fruit Smoothie should be reduced when the ultrasound waves are at a higher frequency and higher amplitude. The longer the ultrasound waves are placed through the Smoothie the more this will have an affect the amount of particles broken up. 2.5 Quality attributes Fruit and vegetable beverages can have certain sensory barriers that can put off many people from drinking them. These barriers include a bitter taste and a grainy texture and in the most recent National Diet and Nutritional survey (NDNS) report, it highlights the difference in consumption of the 5 portions of fruit and vegetables per day between children and adults. It found that children are more prone to eating fruit and vegetables every day. Fruit juices continue to grow in popularity and are potentially driven by an increase public interest in preventative healthcare (Wootton-beard and Ryan, 2011). 2.6 Nutrition Due to marketing and advertisement of Smoothies there is a misconception that the drinks are as healthy for you as eating fruit by themselves. Labels claim that they are packed with vitamins, low in fat and bursting with goodness and the UK has spent over  £100 million a year on Smoothies, however many of them contain sugar, calories and acids as extra ingredients that have been added to sweeten them up and make them taste better (BBC News, 2008). This means that Smoothies are not as healthy as the packaging is advocating. Juicing fruit and storing it can make it quite acidic, and one being consumed can damage the persons teeth. Juicing takes away the fibre and removes many nutrients that are found in the whole fruit (Independent, 2006). Juice and Smoothies count as one portion of your 5 a Day when drunk in a 227g portion. It was found that pure fruit and vegetables can offer similar health benefits to whole fruit and vegetables. This is due to the antioxidant and polyphenol content that is found in fruit and vegetables, however it still remains a concern regarding the impact juices have on sugar consumption, fibre intakes, dental health and appetite control. It has been found that fruit contains a naturally high carbohydrate, sugar, starch and fibre content. Smoothies are not that different to a consumer choosing fruit like a banana than it would be if they chose it in the Smoothie form (Ruxton, 2008). The advice expressed by health professionals is that consumption of Smoothies should be discouraged due to the high carbohydrate and sugar content, as this would prevent the rise in sugar consumption that has been on the increase in recent years. However this is a mistaken belief in regards to Smoothies, for in a 250m l portion, 30g of sugar can be found, similar to a piece of fruit. Research has been undertaken to show that Smoothies may have more associated dental health problems than eating two portions of whole fruit and vegetables; this has not been proven with reliable evidence. When Fruit Smoothies were first introduced onto the market, it was thought that it would encourage those in the population who did not consume the minimum daily dietary requirements regarding fruit and vegetables. It was a concern that they may stop people from consuming the actual fruit and vegetable however, it was found that those who consumed higher levels of fruit and vegetables were more likely to consume both the whole fruit/vegetable and Smoothies/fruit juices. Smoothies were found to be higher in fibre, vitamin C and antioxidants compared to fruit juices alone (Ruxton, 2008). 2.7 Consumer acceptability/ Sensory To the consumer, the most important quality attributes are the five sensory characteristics Texture, Flavour, aroma, shape and colour (Keenan et al., 2011b). These attributes determine the individuals preference for specific products. These attributes help to define differences between certain brands and their differing tastes. In the case of this study, these attributes will help the panellists to taste the size of the particle in the sonicated Smoothies (Povey and Mason, 1998). 2.8 Taste and Flavour Taste and flavour is a major factor in consumer choice. There is a difference between taste and flavour, taste is the sweetness, sourness, saltiness, bitterness and umami. The taste buds on the tongue affect what the taster can detect, and some attributes can be detected at very low thresholds in certain food groups. Taste occurs on the tongue were 10,000 taste buds are located on the front, back, sides and the tip of the tongue. Each taste bud has clusters of 50-100 taste receptor cells. Flavour is the result of the interaction between the sense of smell that the person can detect from the sample, and the taste that the taste buds have given off which determines the flavours they can taste in the sample, however 80% of the perception is from the smell of the sample, the food is inhaled through the nostrils and from the back of the mouth as the food is chewed and swallowed. The flavour of foods is influenced by the flavour compounds which are released when chewed (Povey and Mason, 1998). 2.9 Texture The texture of food has a major influence on consumers perception of quality. Information is passed to the brain, about the texture of the food from the sensors in the mouth and from recalling these senses from memory it can build up an image of the texture properties of the food. This can be seen in three stages: 1. Initially the first stage is to assess the hardness, the ability to break the food and the consistency of the food product in the first bite 2. The second stage is the chewiness, adhesiveness and the gumminess during the chewing of the product. During this phase the moistness and the greasiness of the food is also detected. 3. The third stage is the perception of the rate at which the food will be broken down whilst chewing. The type of the pieces formed, then the release of moisture and finally any coating on the mouth or tongue with food (Povey and Mason, 1998). 2.10 Colour The colour of a Smoothie or any other product is one of the main aspects that a consumer is going to take into consideration when choosing a product they wish to purchase. If the colour is unusual or not natural to the eye, consumers may find it off putting, particularly in this market segment, as the Smoothie purports to be a replacement for natural products. So the products colour is very important The colour of a Smoothie is affected when the sonic processing is undertaken. Typically the more ultrasound power put into the Smoothies, the more particles are broken up, resulting in the colour of the Smoothie being affected by the particle degradation (Keenan et al., 2012a). 3. Method The methodology section consists of the following: Sample Preparation, Ultrasound Processing, Physical analysis, Brookfield Viscosity, Colour, Analysis, Centrifuge Analysis, Sensory Analysis, Ethical Issues, and Statistic Analysis. As similar work has been undertaken on the topic of using ultrasound waves in Smoothies, several methods were incorporated to expand on the work already developed to test four different methods (Keenan et al., 2010), (Keenan et al., 2011a), (Keenan et al., 2012b), (Keenan et al., 2012c). As this paper is concentrating more on the mouth feel of the Smoothie, than for example the shelf life changing due to the sound waves being passed through the product, the sensory aspect was a higher priority, so only following limited methods helps to get the full purpose of the study across. In this study, a Smoothie is the product of choice to test and investigate with the ultrasound waves process, because of the varying particle size that can be found in Smoothies. Reducing the particle size should have effective results. According to recent sales, Smoothies have become very popular in the UK, however many consumers find the graininess of some fruit puts many consumers of drinking Smoothies off putting. This study, investigates a way to reduce this, using a novel technology that has not been used extensively in food products. 3.1 Sample preparation The Smoothies prepared were based on the commercially available Smoothie Strawberry and banana by innocent Smoothies. 1400ml of Smoothies was made using 288g of banana, 284g of grapes (mixed), 520g strawberries were chopped, 700ml of apple juice from concentrate then added to a homogeniser (Keenan et al., 2010), (Keenan et al., 2011a) and (Keenan et al., 2011c) along with 50g of oats, and all food products were sourced from a local supermarket. Once the fruit, juice and oats are homogenised the Smoothie is split into seven 250ml samples and refrigerated to between 2-4oC, so all Smoothies are at the same temperature before ultra sound processing can take place. Each time the particles are tested the same amount of each fruit is the same, to make sure texture and colour is the same each time. The Smoothie composition was derived from the commercially available; innocent Smoothie product banana and strawberry. Place into blender with oats and apple juice for 1 minute Split mixture into seven samples Chop strawberries and bananas. Peel grapes Place 2 into ultrasound machine for 5 and 10 mins. on power 60 Place 2 into ultrasound machine for 5 and 10 mins. on power 100 Place 2 into ultrasound machine for 5 and 10 mins. on power 20 Test sonicated samples for separation of particles Test sonicated samples for colour Test sonicated samples for viscosity Figure 6: Summary Flow Chart of Smoothie Method of Sonication and Testing. 3.2 Ultrasound machine Once the Smoothie is split into portions the ultra sound treatment can be done, the Smoothies were tested using (Keenan et al., 2011a) method on how to test ultrasonic waves through fruit samples. Three treatments were used in this practical; the Smoothies were treated with three different power levels (20%, 60%, 100% on the 0.5 cycle) for two different lengths of time. Six of the Smoothie samples were processed on and one was kept as a control to compare the results to the original Smoothie. Figure 7: Ultrasound Machine C:UsersFionaPicturesIMG_0486.JPG 3.3 Physical Analysis Once each of the Smoothies has been treated, tests were done on the different samples for viscosity, colour and centrifuge. 3.4 Process Parameters Due to the ultrasound machine being placed in to the smoothie, it can change the temperature of the smoothie mixture. (Keenan et al., 2012a) study shows that the smoothie mixture inside the pressure chamber increased from 20 to 37oC during the high pressure processing. Power Level Time (Minutes) 20% 5 20% 10 60% 5 60% 10 100% 5 100% 10 Table 1: Processing power level and time it was sonicated A way to stop the temperature of the Smoothie being increased when ultrasound waves are being passed through it, is to decant the mixture into a beaker (which allows water to flow through) syphon off the warmer water so as to keep the Smoothie from increasing in temperature. 3.5 Brookfield Viscosity Viscosity is a measurement of the internal friction of a fluid, for example liquids and semi solids and Brookfield is the measurement of these. The viscosity measurements are made to test the quality and the efficiency of a product. A main way that that researchers test their work, is using a viscometer. It is one of the quickest, most reliable and accurate ways of analysing some of the most important factors affecting the product. (Brookfield engineering, 2013) The accuracy of the viscometer was checked with a standard solution of water to calibrate the viscometer. The seven samples were then tested the same way this was done by using the number four spindle at speed ten and placing the spindle into the Smoothie sample to get readings. A reading was taken on twelve occasions at ten second intervals to get an average. This was repeated on all seven samples. Figure 8: Brookfield viscometer meter C:UsersFionaPicturesIMG_0488.JPG 3.6 Colour Analysis The hunter lab model UltraScan PRO was used to test the changes in colour of the fruit Smoothies once the initial processing had taken place. The colour test was useful to see if the Smoothie had become lighter or darker in visual terms after the processing. Hunter Lab system is a popular and trouble free technique used in both quality control and research; it is able to test a wide spectrum of product colours from transparent films to clear liquids and/or opaque solids (hunter, 2008). In this case study it was used to test the difference in colour of the six processed samples, comparing them with the control sample. The colour was then tested by placing some of the Smoothie into a glass square tube with black foam to form a blackout around the outside to avoid any other light affecting the result. This was then placed on to the machine and the machine produced an L* a* b* reading of the colour. Each time a new sample was tested it was calibrated back to the original Smoothie. Each of the seven samples was tested three times to obtain an average. The 250ml Smoothies are then spilt in to 125ml samples. One 125ml sample is placed into the refrigerator and left for twenty four hours; the other 125ml placed into a water bath at 4oC for the same twenty four hours. Figure 9: Hunter Lab ColourC:UsersFionaPicturesIMG_0487.JPG 3.7 Centrifuge Analysis Centrifuge is driven by a motor and forces a sample to evenly separate the substance of greater and lower densities apart. A sample is placed in the machine and the motor is switch to a certain speed, the sample is then spun around a fixed axis. After the twenty four hours, 10ml of each is poured into a numbered tube and then placed into a centrifuge machine and spun at 4600rpm for ten minutes, this causes substances to separate and the bigger particles at the bottom with the smaller particles on top. The results are entered and analysed using SPSS. Figure 10: Centrifuge machine C:UsersFionaPicturesIMG_0489.JPG 3.8 Sensory Analysis Four samples of 1000ml were poured into four jugs consisting of Strawberries, banana, grapes, apple juice and oats. Three of the samples were treated with ultrasound waves at three different power levels (20%, 60%, 100% on cycle 0.5) for 10 minutes and the fourth was kept as a fresh control sample. The samples that were being tested were treated at the three different power levels for 10 minutes and control sample that was left untreated. An untrained panel of 50 people with an age range of 19 to 57 were used. As the study was based on the overall mouth feel of the Smoothie no training was needed before the tasting took place. The sensory was carried out in individual sensory booths and had controlled lighting. The odour in the booths was controlled to avoid any misconception of the product and its taste. The panellists were presented with four samples of the different Smoothies and given a sample of 10ml in 25ml plastic cups. Each sample was given a randomised three digit code, this was to avoid the panellist from know which order they are sampling each (Keenan et al., 2011b). Each panellist received the samples in a different order. The untrained panellists were given a cup of water to cleanse the palate, so the mouth was free of flavour before the next sample is tasted. There were eight important attributes that were necessary to get a clear picture of whether the participants could tell the difference between the samples and if the particle size had been reduced. The sensory attributes being tested for were colour, smell, appearance, texture, mouth feel, viscosity, aftertaste, and over all acceptability. The rating scale used was a horizontal line scale. A vertical line is placed on the scale between 1 and 9 with the left to right on the intensity of liking the product, for example pale to dark. Appearance Like/ Dislike Texture Bits/ No Bits Colour Pale/ Dark Smell Like/ Dislike After taste Strong/ weak Viscosity Too thin/ Too thick Mouth Feel Creamy/ Watery Overall Acceptability Like/ Dislike Table 2: Sensory Attributes of Smoothies 3.9 Ethical Issues The only ethical part to this study that needs to be addressed is the sensory analysis. On taking part in the sensory analysis, the participants signed an agreement, that they understood the agreement, they understood the ingredients in the samples and made it known if any allergies or intolerances they had that would stop them from taking part in the study. All participants knew that they were free to stop taking part in the study at any point if they wished to so. 3.10 Data analysis All values were repeated twice to get an average number to compare. The comparison was tested using SPSS (ANOVA, TTest) and Microsoft Excel Software. The difference was considered significantly different with a p value of 4. Results The smoothies that had been processed with ultrasound waves were analysed and the results were measured and statistically analysed by using Microsoft Excel, and SPSS. 4.1 Hunter Colour LAB Analysis The colour of the six samples of smoothies that were processed at different power levels and the control sample were analysed to see the colour change. The average readings of the colour parameters (L, a, b, TCD and Chroma) of each of the samples was calculated and can be seen in table below. The analysis was repeated three times to get an average, and all the tests were completed twice to check the acceptability of the results.   Sample L A B TCD Chroma Control 27.46 8.16 7.09 3.23 9.56 5 minutes 20% Amplitude 11.59 6.14 6.43 2.14 7.08 10 minutes 20% Amplitude 11.85 6.14 6.58 2.09 7.13 5 minutes 60% Amplitude 10.91 5.80 6.34 1.68 7.02 10 minutes 60% Amplitude 54.47 10.85 8.31 1.63 13.69 5 minutes 100% Amplitude 55.93 11.33 9.13 0.13 14.57 10 minutes 100% Amplitude 55.64 11.63 9.09 0.04 14.78 Table 3: The average on Lab at the different power levels Figure 11: L values (a), a values (b), b values (c), TCD values, (d), and Chroma Values (e) of smoothie samples colour at the different level of processing. See figure 11a, b, c, d, and e sample key in appendix 1. Figure 11a, 11b, and 11c, has revealed that the more ultrasound waves that are placed through the smoothies, the more the colour of the smoothie changes. Figure 11d shows the total colour difference (TCD) in the Smoothie samples at different power levels.   L Values 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 -15.86* -15.61* -16.54* 27.01* 28.46* 28.17* 2 15.86* 0.25 -0.68 42.87* 44.33* 44.04* 3 15.61* -0.25 -0.93 42.62* 44.08* 43.79* 4 16.54* 0.68 0.93 43.55* 45.01* 44.72* 5 -27.00* -42.87* -42.62* -43.55* 1.45 1.16 6 -28.46* -44.33* -44.08* -45.01* -1.45 -0.29 7 -28.17* -44.04